Probability & Statistics Difficulty: Introductory

Random Variables

Random variables are measurable functions from a sample space to the real numbers. They encode uncertainty in quantitative form and are the building blocks of statistical models.

Key Points

  • A random variable induces a probability distribution on the real line.
  • Discrete variables are described by probability mass functions; continuous by densities.
  • Transformations of random variables require careful handling of the measure.

Formulas

Cumulative distribution function
$$F_X(x) = P(X \le x)$$
Probability density function
$$F_X(x) = \int_{-\infty}^x f_X(t) \, dt$$
Expectation
$$\mathbb{E}[X] = \int x \, dF_X(x)$$

Code Example

import numpy as np

X = np.random.randn(10000)
print(X.mean(), X.var())

Applications

Tags

  • random-variables
  • distributions

References

  • Probability and Measure
    Patrick Billingsley · Wiley · source
  • Introduction to Probability Models
    Sheldon Ross · Academic Press · source

Knowledge Graph